1. Coastal Populations
The population of coastal communities that are synonymous with poverty lagging indicators of coastal communities is caused by at least three main points, namely (1) structural poverty, (2) super-structural poverty, and (3) cultural poverty. (Fill Paper on Integrated Coastal Management Training. Coasts Project, Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Permata Hotel, Bogor, October 29, 2001)
Cultural poverty is poverty due to the inherent variables, inherent, and a certain lifestyle. As a result, the individual concerned is difficult to get out of poverty because they do not realize or are not known to the individual concerned. Variables cultural causes of poverty is the level of education, knowledge, customs, culture, faith, fidelity to certain views, as well as adherence to the model.Resource economists see poverty of coastal communities, especially fishermen more due to socioeconomic factors related to characteristics of the resources and the technology used. The factors in question made so that fishermen remain in poverty.Subade and Abdullah (1993) put forward another argument is that fishermen stay on the fishing industry because of the low opportunity cost them.
Opportunity cost of fishing, by definition is a possibility or alternative other economic activities or business the best it can be obtained in addition to fishing. In other words, the opportunity cost is another possibility that could be done if only they were not fishermen catch fish. When the opportunity cost is low then the fishermen tend to continue to implement its business even though the business is no longer profitable and efficient.Panayotou (1982) said that the fishermen still want to live in poverty because of his will to live it (preference for a particular way of life).Opinion Panayotou (1982) is dikalimatkan by Subade and Abdullah (1993) by emphasizing that fishermen prefer to have the satisfaction that can be gained from living catching fish and not act as a mere actor-oriented on increasing revenue. Since such a way of life that no matter what happens with the case, it is not considered a problem for him. Way of life is very difficult to change. Because it is so even in the eyes of other people living in poverty fishermen, for fishermen was not poverty, and they may be happy with life.
2. Coastal Land Spatial Use
Based on the trend sosioculture and possible functional development of coastal areas and the surrounding area, conceptually business development and controls the pattern of coastal land can be considered as follows: (Journal of Paula Issabel Baun, Space Utilization Research Development Built In Coastal Region, 2008)Development of coastal regions are grouped (clustered). In this case, directed the development of the coastal areas to the interior. With this conception of the expected problems that may be caused by extensive use of coastal land along the coast can be limited. Likewise consequences may be incurred in connection with the disruption of environmental sustainability can be limited and allocated towards that allow more effective control (Mulyadi, 2005: 107).
The development of the reclamation, the development of coastal areas devoted to land new developments through backfill or drying. This strategy was chosen partly because of the scarcity of urban land available to accommodate the needs of urban functions such as transportation, drainage, housing, public facilities and others. (Suprijanto: 304)Development of the revitalization, the development of coastal areas by way of restoration, conservation (preservation) environment and environmental regulation. The selection strategy is based on the condition of the area where there is a seedy area (slum area) or on the potential for economic development, social or cultural (Suprijanto: 304).With respect to utilization and coastal land use, business regulation and control should also be guided by the rules and patterns of good control. For this, based on the existing possibilities and interest of the use and development of coastal areas, the conceptual way of controlling the development of the coastal region can be considered as follows (see Figure 2.3.2), (Source: Sujarto in Mulyadi, 2005:110):
a. Sectoral pattern of control, which is a pattern in the form of possession or control of sectoral focuses on an area of and extends upstream along the river up to the coast. Patterns of control and mastery is very important in order structuring the development of a potential watershed.
b. Linear control pattern, the possession or control of the land along the coast. So a coastal path width of 500 to 1,000 meters from the high tide limit should be controlled and / or development is strictly controlled manner.
c. The pattern of selective control is an effort to control and / or control of coastal development is based on a certain urgency. So one part of the coastal path or the need to maintain critical condition kelestariaan environment or development should be strictly controlled by the government, such as the mouth of the river, nature reserves and beaches belts.The pattern control of the coastal area that has grown both intensive and extensive, that can be a way to be considered is the normalization of business patterns of land use and rezoning.
Normalization pattern of land use in the coastal zone is discipline the ways of land use in coastal areas that are thought to cause damage and disrupt the environmental sustainability of coastal areas.Meanwhile, the rezoning is to set the pattern of land use development plan tailored to the coast so that coastal development problems can be controlled and directed at regional development objectives of the better beaches. In this connection, procurement and building regulations demarcation line coastal development is crucial. In this case needs to be considered that the new development efforts in the coastal zone is only allowed in the section that leads to the interior.
While the spatial patterns of the use of space in residential coastal communities are (Under Wiriaatmadja, 1981:23-25):
a. Dispersed settlement pattern in a way far from each other, especially so in the newly opened area.
b. Settlement patterns by gathering in a village / village, follow the road traffic elongated (road / river), whereas the fief was behind it;
c. Settlement patterns collected by a village / village, while the arable land is outside the village, andd. Gathered and arranged to follow a circular path. Settlement patterns by gathering in a village / village, following a circular path, while the arable land behind him.
3. Coastal Spatial Planning
Public policy is critical coastal areas of sustainable life. Spatial Planning is one form of management policies which include: Land Use Plan, utilization and supervision, is a series that can not be separated, should be made as general as a form of law, in the form of rules with all of the implementation: institutional and policy actors through regulatory mechanisms Good, transparent, and consistent (good governance).
Following the Act No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, spatial policy objectives of coastal and ocean formulated as follows:
a. The implementation of land use (resources and environmental services) are environmentally sound coastal areas,
b. The implementation of spatial arrangement of protected areas and coastal areas of cultivation, and
c. Achieving spatial quality of coastal areas. Explicitly, these goals have operational nuances, which requires zoning to control land use. In other words, the construction of which is allocated to the zones in each region must be adjusted to the carrying capacity of the environment and economically profitable.
Conceptually, an area where development is allocated consists of three zones, namely: (Act No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning)
First, the preservation zone, an area that contains biological and ecological attributes that are vital to the survival of the ecosystem and all its components include biota (organisms), including human life, rare or endemic species, place (habitat) parenting and spawning a variety of marine life, groove (migratory routes) fish and other marine life, and a source of fresh water. In the preservation zone shall not use or construction activities, except for the purposes of research and education.
Second, conservation zones, the areas in which development activities are allowed there, but with the intensity (level) is limited and highly controlled, such as nature tourism (ecotourism), fisheries and aquaculture are environmentally friendly (responsible fishheries), as well as the exploitation of mangrove forests sustainably.
Third, use zones, ie areas for biological and ecological properties can be utilized for various development activities more intensively; include industrial, mining, and urban and densely populated. However, construction activities within the zone should follow the characteristics of ecological harmony.